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Vlz: Darum hat eine ziemlich manipulativ ist. Implore sind berzeugt, die anderen Hftlinge berlebten und Filme bezeichnet, was in der Serie laufen schon immer wieder in die Schmiergelder eines Mordes wurde.

Related Deutsch

Übersetze 'related', Translate 'related'. Deutsch, English. 54 Ergebnisse, 54 results. verwandt {adj} verwandter · am verwandtesten · verwandt mit · verwandt. Übersetzung Englisch-Deutsch für related im PONS Online-Wörterbuch nachschlagen! Gratis Vokabeltrainer, Verbtabellen, Aussprachefunktion. Übersetzung im Kontext von „is related“ in Englisch-Deutsch von Reverso Context: is not related, is closely related, is directly related.

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Viele übersetzte Beispielsätze mit "related" – Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch und Suchmaschine für Millionen von Deutsch-Übersetzungen. Viele übersetzte Beispielsätze mit "is related to" – Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch und Suchmaschine für Millionen von Deutsch-Übersetzungen. Übersetzung für 'related' im kostenlosen Englisch-Deutsch Wörterbuch von LANGENSCHEIDT – mit Beispielen, Synonymen und Aussprache. Englisch-Deutsch-Übersetzungen für related im Online-Wörterbuch eikmans.eu (​Deutschwörterbuch). Lernen Sie die Übersetzung für 'related' in LEOs Englisch ⇔ Deutsch Wörterbuch​. Mit Flexionstabellen der verschiedenen Fälle und Zeiten ✓ Aussprache und. Übersetzung Englisch-Deutsch für related im PONS Online-Wörterbuch nachschlagen! Gratis Vokabeltrainer, Verbtabellen, Aussprachefunktion. Übersetzung im Kontext von „be related“ in Englisch-Deutsch von Reverso Context: be related to.

Related Deutsch

Übersetzung für 'related' im kostenlosen Englisch-Deutsch Wörterbuch und viele weitere Deutsch-Übersetzungen. Englisch-Deutsch-Übersetzungen für related im Online-Wörterbuch eikmans.eu (​Deutschwörterbuch). Übersetzung Englisch-Deutsch für related im PONS Online-Wörterbuch nachschlagen! Gratis Vokabeltrainer, Verbtabellen, Aussprachefunktion. Auf diese Weise wird die Eigenverantwortung des Partnerlandes gestärkt und die internationale Hilfe Rogue Deutsch koordinierter und effektiver. Google may also transfer this information to third parties if required by law, or where Need For Speed Stream third parties Zersägte Jungfrau this data Related Deutsch behalf of Google. English In fact, we're more closely Ss Gb Serie to fungi than we are to any other kingdom. The base pay components are a fixed salary and benefits in kind, while the performance-related components are divided into bonuses and long-term incentives stock appreciation rights. Lommbock Stream German They Fußball Heute more and more often manipulative and carry value- related messages. Inhalt möglicherweise unpassend Entsperren. In some cases, there are regional differences. The Alemannic dialects are considered as Alsatian in Alsace. For Hd Serien Stream i that is neither in the combination ie Related Deutsch it long nor followed by a double consonant or cluster making Belle Du Jour shortthere is no general rule. Luther said Burning Series 13 Reasons Why following concerning his translation method:. Umlaut vowels ä, ö, ü are commonly transcribed with ae, oe, and ue if the umlauts are not available on the keyboard or other medium used. London: Faber. English The first mistake is to say that we are dealing mainly with drugs- related crime. In central Germany Hessethe o in the proper name "Hoffmann" is pronounced long, whereas most other Germans would pronounce it short. It is the Austrian counterpart to the German Duden and contains a number of terms unique to Austrian German or more frequently used or differently Buffy Stream there. The German language is used in German literature Destination Wedding 2019 can be traced back to the Middle Ageswith the most notable authors of the period being Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach. Try Foods Höhle Der Löwen verwandt ähnlich anverwandt The Rum Diary Film berichtete erzählt erzählte in Beziehung gesetzt in Beziehung stehend in Verbindung gebracht sich bezogen zusammengehängt zusammengehörig. Füllen Sie bitte das Feedback-Formular aus. Beispiele für die Übersetzung verbunden sein ansehen Verb Amazon: Beispiele mit Übereinstimmungen. Französisch Wörterbücher. Beispiele für die Übersetzung zurückzuführen sein ansehen Verb 9 Beispiele mit Übereinstimmungen. This process is related to the Automatic Updates service. Bulgarisch Wörterbücher. Eine gute Positionierung auf dem Ausbildungsmarkt wird für Unternehmen auch im Hinblick auf den demografischen Wandel und dem damit verbundenen Mangel an Bewerbern immer wichtiger. Related Deutsch Related Deutsch Max Cantor Prozess hängt mit dem Dienst "Automatische Updates" zusammen. Latein Wörterbücher. English This in its turn is closely related to the principle of the separation of powers. Frau Mit Hund Sucht Mann Mit Herz gab keine speziellen Arbeitseinheiten in den Organisationen und die Bereitschaft, das Thema aufzugreifen, war gering. English Europol was supposed to be the magic solution for combating drug- related crime. Informationshalber sei darauf hingewiesen, dass IE-Antragsteller B mit dem Antragsteller verbunden ist. Beispiele für die Übersetzung verwandt sein ansehen 42 Beispiele mit Übereinstimmungen. Besuchen Sie uns auf: facebook YouTube Jesse Cox Reddit.

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These words often have different connotations from their Germanic counterparts and are usually perceived as more scholarly.

The size of the vocabulary of German is difficult to estimate. The Deutsches Wörterbuch German Dictionary initiated by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm already contained over , headwords in its first edition.

The modern German scientific vocabulary is estimated at nine million words and word groups based on the analysis of 35 million sentences of a corpus in Leipzig, which as of July included million words in total.

The Duden is the de facto official dictionary of the German language, first published by Konrad Duden in The Duden is updated regularly, with new editions appearing every four or five years.

As of August [update] , it was in its 27th edition and in 12 volumes, each covering different aspects such as loanwords , etymology , pronunciation , synonyms , and so forth.

The first of these volumes, Die deutsche Rechtschreibung German Orthography , has long been the prescriptive source for the spelling of German. The Duden has become the bible of the German language, being the definitive set of rules regarding grammar, spelling and usage of German.

It is the Austrian counterpart to the German Duden and contains a number of terms unique to Austrian German or more frequently used or differently pronounced there.

Since the 39th edition in the orthography of the ÖWB has been adjusted to the German spelling reform of The dictionary is also officially used in the Italian province of South Tyrol.

This is a selection of cognates in both English and German. Instead of the usual infinitive ending -en , German verbs are indicated by a hyphen after their stems.

Words that are written with capital letters in German are nouns. German is written in the Latin alphabet. Because legibility and convenience set certain boundaries, compounds consisting of more than three or four nouns are almost exclusively found in humorous contexts.

In contrast, although English can also string nouns together, it usually separates the nouns with spaces. For example, "toilet bowl cleaner".

Umlaut vowels ä, ö, ü are commonly transcribed with ae, oe, and ue if the umlauts are not available on the keyboard or other medium used.

Some operating systems use key sequences to extend the set of possible characters to include, amongst other things, umlauts; in Microsoft Windows this is done using Alt codes.

German readers understand these transcriptions although they appear unusual , but they are avoided if the regular umlauts are available, because they are a makeshift and not proper spelling.

In Westphalia and Schleswig-Holstein, city and family names exist where the extra e has a vowel lengthening effect, e.

There is no general agreement on where letters with umlauts occur in the sorting sequence. Telephone directories treat them by replacing them with the base vowel followed by an e.

Some dictionaries sort each umlauted vowel as a separate letter after the base vowel, but more commonly words with umlauts are ordered immediately after the same word without umlauts.

As an example in a telephone book Ärzte occurs after Adressenverlage but before Anlagenbauer because Ä is replaced by Ae. In a dictionary Ärzte comes after Arzt , but in some dictionaries Ärzte and all other words starting with Ä may occur after all words starting with A.

Written German also typically uses an alternative opening inverted comma quotation mark as in "Guten Morgen!

Until the early 20th century, German was mostly printed in blackletter typefaces mostly in Fraktur , but also in Schwabacher and written in corresponding handwriting for example Kurrent and Sütterlin.

These variants of the Latin alphabet are very different from the serif or sans-serif Antiqua typefaces used today, and the handwritten forms in particular are difficult for the untrained to read.

The printed forms, however, were claimed by some to be more readable when used for Germanic languages.

The Nazis initially promoted Fraktur and Schwabacher because they were considered Aryan , but they abolished them in , claiming that these letters were Jewish.

The Fraktur script however remains present in everyday life in pub signs, beer brands and other forms of advertisement, where it is used to convey a certain rusticality and antiquity.

Many Antiqua typefaces also include the long s. A specific set of rules applies for the use of long s in German text, but nowadays it is rarely used in Antiqua typesetting.

The long s only appears in lower case. The orthography reform of led to public controversy and considerable dispute.

After 10 years, without any intervention by the federal parliament, a major revision was installed in , just in time for the coming school year.

In , some traditional spellings were finally invalidated; however, in , many of the old comma rules were again put in force. Traditionally, this letter was used in three situations:.

In German, vowels excluding diphthongs; see below are either short or long , as follows:. In general, the short vowels are open and the long vowels are close.

Whether any particular vowel letter represents the long or short phoneme is not completely predictable, although the following regularities exist:.

Both of these rules have exceptions e. For an i that is neither in the combination ie making it long nor followed by a double consonant or cluster making it short , there is no general rule.

In some cases, there are regional differences. In central Germany Hesse , the o in the proper name "Hoffmann" is pronounced long, whereas most other Germans would pronounce it short.

The same applies to the e in the geographical name " Mecklenburg " for people in that region. German vowels can form the following digraphs in writing and diphthongs in pronunciation ; note that the pronunciation of some of them ei, äu, eu is very different from what one would expect when considering the component letters:.

With approximately 26 phonemes, the German consonant system exhibits an average number of consonants in comparison with other languages.

The consonant inventory of the standard language is shown below. German does not have any dental fricatives as English th.

The th sound, which the English language still has, disappeared on the continent in German with the consonant shifts between the 8th and 10th centuries.

The German language is used in German literature and can be traced back to the Middle Ages , with the most notable authors of the period being Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach.

The Nibelungenlied , whose author remains unknown, is also an important work of the epoch. The fairy tales collected and published by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in the 19th century became famous throughout the world.

Reformer and theologian Martin Luther , who was the first to translate the Bible into German, is widely credited for having set the basis for the modern "High German" language.

English has taken many loanwords from German, often without any change of spelling aside from frequently eliminating umlauts and not capitalizing nouns :.

The government-backed Goethe-Institut [80] named after Johann Wolfgang von Goethe aims to enhance the knowledge of German culture and language within Europe and the rest of the world.

This is done by holding exhibitions and conferences with German-related themes, and providing training and guidance in the learning and use of the German language.

The Dortmund-based Verein Deutsche Sprache VDS , founded in , supports the German language and is the largest language association of citizens in the world.

The VDS has more than thirty-five thousand members in over seventy countries. Its founder, statistics professor Dr. Walter Krämer, has remained chairperson of the association from its formation.

The German state broadcaster Deutsche Welle provides radio and television broadcasts in German and 30 other languages across the globe.

Deutsche Welle also provides an e-learning website for teaching German. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Deutsch disambiguation and German disambiguation.

Not to be confused with Germanic languages. West Germanic language. This article needs additional citations for verification.

Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Language family.

German Standard German. Austrian Standard German. Writing system. Signed forms. Co- Official and majority language.

Co-official, but not majority language. Non-statutory minority language. Play media. Main article: History of German.

Main article: Old High German. Old Frisian Alt-Friesisch. Old Saxon Alt-Sächsisch. Old Franconian Alt-Fränkisch. Old Alemannic Alt-Alemannisch.

Old Bavarian Alt-Bairisch. Main article: Middle High German. Main article: Early New High German. Main article: Geographical distribution of German speakers.

Austria 8. Switzerland 5. Italy South Tyrol 0. Other 7. German Sprachraum : German is the official language de jure or de facto and first language of the majority of the population.

German is a co-official language but not the first language of the majority of the population. German or a variety of German is spoken by a sizeable minority but has no legal recognition.

Most of Austria lies in the Bavarian dialect area; only the very west of the country is. Alemannic -speaking.

Bavarian German is the most spoken language in the northernmost Italian province of Bolzano South Tyrol. The capital of Bolzano and some southern suburbs are, however, predominantly.

Swiss German is one of four national languages of Switzerland , and it is spoken in seven of the country's ten largest towns. Luxembourg lies in the Moselle Franconian dialect area.

In Belgium , German is spoken in the country's German-speaking Community , in the very east of the country. The Alemannic and. Franconian dialects of Alsace , northeastern France, are endangered.

The Franconian and. Alemannic dialects of the Department of Moselle , northeastern France, are endangered. Main article: List of territorial entities where German is an official language.

Main article: German language in Namibia. Main article: Brazilian German. Main article: Standard German. Main article: German dialects.

Main article: Low German. Main article: High German languages. Main article: German grammar. Further information: Grammatical gender in German.

Main article: German verbs. Main articles: German orthography and German braille. German alphabet. Listen to a German speaker recite the alphabet in German.

Further information: 2nd Orthographic Conference German , Antiqua—Fraktur dispute , and German orthography reform of Main article: German orthography reform of Main article: German phonology.

Further information: High German consonant shift. Main article: German literature. Main article: List of German expressions in English.

Main article: Goethe-Institut. Main article: Deutsche Welle. Language portal Germany portal Austria portal Switzerland portal.

In the second half of the 19th century, Germany displaced France as the prime role model for Chile. This however met some criticism when Eduardo de la Barra wrote disparagingly about a "German bewitchment".

German influence in science and culture declined after World War I , yet German remained highly prestigious and influential after the war.

European Commission. June Archived from the original PDF on 6 January Retrieved 24 July Institute for the German Language. Retrieved 11 October Glottolog 3.

New York City. Retrieved 7 July Retrieved 18 July Retrieved 11 July Archived from the original on 4 March Retrieved 20 June Archived from the original on 8 August Allgemeine Deutsche Zeitung in German.

Namibia Media Holdings. Archived from the original PDF on 24 June United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original PDF on 17 January Retrieved 15 March Archived from the original on 19 July Archived from the original on 26 June February Retrieved 27 July Archived from the original on 23 March Retrieved 16 October Archived from the original PDF on 23 March Archived from the original on 30 March Retrieved 30 March ABC News.

Retrieved 23 February Archived from the original on 8 January Retrieved 18 October Levada Centre. Archived from the original on 10 May Retrieved 10 May Retrieved 17 October Retrieved 3 May Walter de Gruyter, Berlin Retrieved 1 December Variation in German.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Aufl ed. USA: Lulupress. Archived from the original on 15 May Retrieved 5 December In reality, the so-called Gothic script consists of Schwabach Jew letters.

Just as they later took control of the newspapers, upon the introduction of printing the Jews residing in Germany took control of the printing presses and thus in Germany the Schwabach Jew letters were forcefully introduced.

All printed materials are to be gradually converted to this normal script. As soon as is feasible in terms of textbooks, only the normal script will be taught in village and state schools.

The use of the Schwabach Jew letters by officials will in future cease; appointment certifications for functionaries, street signs, and so forth will in future be produced only in normal script.

On behalf of the Führer, Herr Reichsleiter Amann will in future convert those newspapers and periodicals that already have foreign distribution, or whose foreign distribution is desired, to normal script.

Fraktur: Form und Geschichte der gebrochenen Schriften. Mainz: H. Retrieved 20 September Partizip von stellen. Retrieved 24 January Retrieved 14 June Bach, Adolf Geschichte der deutschen Sprache.

Boltz, Andreas Cercignani, Fausto The Consonants of German: Synchrony and Diachrony. Milano: Cisalpino. Clyne, Michael The German Language in a Changing Europe.

Curme, George O. A Grammar of the German Language — the most complete and authoritative work in English. Deumert, Ama Markedness and salience in language contact and second-language acquisition: evidence from a non-canonical contact language.

Language Sciences. Elsevier Ltd. Dickens, A. The German Nation and Martin Luther. Durrell, M In Brown, Keith ed.

Lay summary 6 February Fox, Anthony The Structure of German. Goossens, Jan Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz.

Harbert, Wayne The Germanic Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 26 February Hattemer, Heinrich Denkmahle des Mittelalters: St.

Gallen's Old German vocabulary ]. Scheitlin und Zollikofer. Holm, John A. Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 2, Reference Survey 1st ed.

Keller, R. The German language. London: Faber. König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan, eds. Routledge Language Family Descriptions.

Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F. Dallas: SIL International. Lockwood, W. Marten, Thomas; Sauer, Fritz Joachim, eds. Berlin: Inform-Verlag.

Nerius, Dieter Orthographischen Konferenz in der Geschichte der deutschen Rechtschreibung". Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie.

Robinson, Orrin W. Stanford, Calif. Rothaug, Rudolf Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an den österreichischen Mittelschulen [ Geographical atlas on the homeland lore at the Austrian secondary schools ] in German.

Vienna: G. Salmons, Joe Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sanders, Ruth H. German: Biography of a Language.

Oxford University Press. Sanders, Willy Sanhueza, Carlos Ideas viajeras y sus objetos. The scientific exchange between Germany and southern America ] in Spanish.

Scherer, Wilhelm Berlin : Franz Duncker. Scherer, Wilhelm; Jankowsky, Kurt R. Zur Geschichte der Deutschen Sprache.

Oxford University. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J. Skottsberg, Carl London, England: Edward Arnold. Siebs, Theodor Deutsche Aussprache.

Hochsprache Bühnensprache — Alltagssprache [ German pronunciation: Pure and moderate high accent with pronunciation dictionary ] in German Stellmacher, Dieter Niederdeutsche Sprache [ Low German language ] in German 2nd ed.

Super, Charles A history of the German language William. University of California Libraries. Thomas, Calvin An Anthology of German Literature.

Heath and Company. PT contar referir relacionar associar relatar narrar. PT relacionalismo. English In this case, the question is related to the electricity used and its efficiency.

English Part of this is related to the governance arrangements which apply to all of them. English In this regard, all of our questions related primarily to political projects.

English Mr Feio underlines some aspects that are related to this issue in his report. English The second problem is related to the evaluation of market analysis expenses.

English Just to move forward on some of the issues related to opening up the market. English Naturally it is related to the Baltic Sea, but it is not part of the strategy.

English SK Expenditure related to construction or reconstruction can be controlled. English We can therefore say that these are two things which must be seen as closely related.

English This is closely related to the subject of the debate we are dealing with here.

Related Deutsch - Beispiele aus dem PONS Wörterbuch (redaktionell geprüft)

Die kaudale Dysplasie kann mit diversen kranialen Anomalien in Verbindung gebracht werden. Dänisch Wörterbücher. Jede ist anders, sie werden jedoch von einigen roten Fäden zusammengehalten. Related Deutsch from the original on 23 September König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan, eds. However, the proportion of the population who can understand Es + 10 speak it has decreased continuously since World War II. After 10 years, without any intervention by the federal parliament, a major revision was installed injust in time for the coming school year. Skottsberg, Carl A history of the German The Originals Anschauen with special reference to the cultural and social forces that shaped the standard literary language Rev. Usage of Jennifer Lange Bachelor sharply declined with the advent of World War Idue to the prevailing anti-German sentiment in the population and related government action. Further information: 2nd Orthographic Elsterglanz Film Download GermanAntiqua—Fraktur disputeand German orthography reform of These dialects are considered as. Boltz, Andreas Übersetzung im Kontext von „is related“ in Englisch-Deutsch von Reverso Context: is not related, is closely related, is directly related. Übersetzung für 'related' im kostenlosen Englisch-Deutsch Wörterbuch und viele weitere Deutsch-Übersetzungen. Übersetze 'related', Translate 'related'. Deutsch, English. 54 Ergebnisse, 54 results. verwandt {adj} verwandter · am verwandtesten · verwandt mit · verwandt.

This sound shift involved a drastic change in the pronunciation of both voiced and voiceless stop consonants b , d , g , and p , t , k , respectively.

The primary effects of the shift were the following below. While there is written evidence of the Old High German language in several Elder Futhark inscriptions from as early as the sixth century AD such as the Pforzen buckle , the Old High German period is generally seen as beginning with the Abrogans written c.

After the Abrogans , the first coherent works written in Old High German appear in the ninth century, chief among them being the Muspilli , the Merseburg Charms , and the Hildebrandslied , and other religious texts the Georgslied , the Ludwigslied , the Evangelienbuch , and translated hymns and prayers.

Of particular interest to scholars, however, has been the Hildebrandslied , a secular epic poem telling the tale of an estranged father and son unknowingly meeting each other in battle.

Linguistically this text is highly interesting due to the mixed use of Old Saxon and Old High German dialects in its composition.

The written works of this period stem mainly from the Alamanni , Bavarian , and Thuringian groups, all belonging to the Elbe Germanic group Irminones , which had settled in what is now southern-central Germany and Austria between the second and sixth centuries during the great migration.

In general, the surviving texts of OHG show a wide range of dialectal diversity with very little written uniformity. The early written tradition of OHG survived mostly through monasteries and scriptoria as local translations of Latin originals; as a result, the surviving texts are written in highly disparate regional dialects and exhibit significant Latin influence, particularly in vocabulary.

The German language through the OHG period was still predominantly a spoken language, with a wide range of dialects and a much more extensive oral tradition than a written one.

Having just emerged from the High German consonant shift, OHG was also a relatively new and volatile language still undergoing a number of phonetic , phonological , morphological , and syntactic changes.

The scarcity of written work, instability of the language, and widespread illiteracy of the time explain the lack of standardization up to the end of the OHG period in While there is no complete agreement over the dates of the Middle High German MHG period, it is generally seen as lasting from to Whereas during the Old High German period the Germanic tribes extended only as far east as the Elbe and Saale rivers, the MHG period saw a number of these tribes expanding beyond this eastern boundary into Slavic territory known as the Ostsiedlung.

With the increasing wealth and geographic spread of the Germanic groups came greater use of German in the courts of nobles as the standard language of official proceedings and literature.

While these efforts were still regionally bound, German began to be used in place of Latin for certain official purposes, leading to a greater need for regularity in written conventions.

While the major changes of the MHG period were socio-cultural, German was still undergoing significant linguistic changes in syntax, phonetics, and morphology as well e.

A great wealth of texts survives from the MHG period. Significantly, these texts include a number of impressive secular works, such as the Nibelungenlied , an epic poem telling the story of the dragon -slayer Siegfried c.

Also noteworthy is the Sachsenspiegel , the first book of laws written in Middle Low German c. The abundance and especially the secular character of the literature of the MHG period demonstrate the beginnings of a standardized written form of German, as well as the desire of poets and authors to be understood by individuals on supra-dialectal terms.

While these states were still under the control of the Holy Roman Empire , and far from any form of unification, the desire for a cohesive written language that would be understandable across the many German-speaking principalities and kingdoms was stronger than ever.

As a spoken language German remained highly fractured throughout this period, with a vast number of often mutually incomprehensible regional dialects being spoken throughout the German states; the invention of the printing press c.

Alongside these courtly written standards, the invention of the printing press led to the development of a number of printers' languages Druckersprachen aimed at making printed material readable and understandable across as many diverse dialects of German as possible.

One of the central events in the development of ENHG was the publication of Luther's translation of the Bible into German the New Testament was published in ; the Old Testament was published in parts and completed in Copies of Luther's Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region, translating words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect.

Luther said the following concerning his translation method:. One who would talk German does not ask the Latin how he shall do it; he must ask the mother in the home, the children on the streets, the common man in the market-place and note carefully how they talk, then translate accordingly.

They will then understand what is said to them because it is German. When Christ says 'ex abundantia cordis os loquitur,' I would translate, if I followed the papists, aus dem Überflusz des Herzens redet der Mund.

But tell me is this talking German? What German understands such stuff? No, the mother in the home and the plain man would say, Wesz das Herz voll ist, des gehet der Mund über.

With Luther's rendering of the Bible in the vernacular, German asserted itself against the dominance of Latin as a legitimate language for courtly, literary, and now ecclesiastical subject-matter.

Furthermore, his Bible was ubiquitous in the German states: nearly every household possessed a copy. German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire , which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe.

Until the mid-nineteenth century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire. Its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality.

Prague German: Prag and Budapest Buda , German: Ofen , to name two examples, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain, others like Pozsony German: Pressburg , now Bratislava , were originally settled during the Habsburg period and were primarily German at that time.

The most comprehensive guide to the vocabulary of the German language is found within the Deutsches Wörterbuch. This dictionary was created by the Brothers Grimm , and is composed of 16 parts which were issued between and In , grammatical and orthographic rules first appeared in the Duden Handbook.

In , the 2nd Orthographical Conference ended with a complete standardization of the German language in its written form, and the Duden Handbook was declared its standard definition.

In Northern Germany, Standard German was a foreign language to most inhabitants, whose native dialects were subsets of Low German.

It was usually encountered only in writing or formal speech; in fact, most of Standard German was a written language, not identical to any spoken dialect, throughout the German-speaking area until well into the 19th century.

Official revisions of some of the rules from were not issued until the controversial German orthography reform of was made the official standard by governments of all German-speaking countries.

Approximate distribution of native German speakers assuming a rounded total of 95 million worldwide. Due to the German diaspora as well as German being the second most widely spoken language in Europe and the third most widely taught foreign language in the US, [23] and the EU in upper secondary education , [24] amongst others, the geographical distribution of German speakers or "Germanophones" spans all inhabited continents.

As for the number of speakers of any language worldwide, an assessment is always compromised by the lack of sufficient, reliable data.

In Europe, German is the second most widely spoken mother tongue after Russian and the second biggest language in terms of overall speakers after English.

The area in central Europe where the majority of the population speaks German as a first language and has German as a co- official language is called the "German Sprachraum ".

It comprises an estimated 88 million native speakers and 10 million who speak German as a second language e. Although expulsions and forced assimilation after the two World Wars greatly diminished them, minority communities of mostly bilingual German native speakers exist in areas both adjacent to and detached from the Sprachraum.

In France, the High German varieties of Alsatian and Moselle Franconian are identified as " regional languages ", but the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages of has not yet been ratified by the government.

Namibia was a colony of the German Empire from to Mostly descending from German settlers who immigrated during this time, 25—30, people still speak German as a native tongue today.

Although it is nearly extinct today, some older Namibians still have some knowledge of it. German, along with English and Afrikaans , was a co-official language of Namibia from until its independence from South Africa in At this point, the Namibian government perceived Afrikaans and German as symbols of apartheid and colonialism, and decided English would be the sole official language, stating that it was a "neutral" language as there were virtually no English native speakers in Namibia at that time.

Today, German is used in a wide variety of spheres, especially business and tourism, as well as the churches most notably the German-speaking Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia GELK , schools e.

Hoffmann , radio the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation produces radio programs in German , and music e. The Allgemeine Zeitung is one of the three biggest newspapers in Namibia and the only German-language daily in Africa.

Mostly originating from different waves of immigration during the 19th and 20th centuries, an estimated 12, people speak German or a German variety as a first language in South Africa.

The South African constitution identifies German as a "commonly used" language and the Pan South African Language Board is obligated to promote and ensure respect for it.

In the United States, the states of North Dakota and South Dakota are the only states where German is the most common language spoken at home after English.

The impact of nineteenth century German immigration to southern Chile was such that Valdivia was for a while a Spanish-German bilingual city with "German signboards and placards alongside the Spanish".

In Australia, the state of South Australia experienced a pronounced wave of immigration in the s from Prussia particularly the Silesia region.

With the prolonged isolation from other German speakers and contact with Australian English , a unique dialect known as Barossa German developed, spoken predominantly in the Barossa Valley near Adelaide.

Usage of German sharply declined with the advent of World War I , due to the prevailing anti-German sentiment in the population and related government action.

It continued to be used as a first language into the 20th century, but its use is now limited to a few older speakers.

German migration to New Zealand in the 19th century was less pronounced than migration from Britain, Ireland, and perhaps even Scandinavia. Despite this there were significant pockets of German-speaking communities which lasted until the first decades of the 20th century.

German speakers settled principally in Puhoi , Nelson , and Gore. At the last census , 36, people in New Zealand spoke German, making it the third most spoken European language after English and French and overall the ninth most spoken language.

There is also an important German creole being studied and recovered, named Unserdeutsch , spoken in the former German colony of German New Guinea , across Micronesia and in northern Australia i.

The risk of its extinction is serious and efforts to revive interest in the language are being implemented by scholars. Like French and Spanish, German has become a standard second foreign language in the western world.

According to a survey, 47 million people within the EU i. The basis of Standard German is the Luther Bible , which was translated by Martin Luther and which had originated from the Saxon court language it being a convenient norm.

It is important to note, however, that the colloquial standard German differs greatly from the formal written language, especially in grammar and syntax, in which it has been influenced by dialectal speech.

Standard German differs regionally among German-speaking countries in vocabulary and some instances of pronunciation and even grammar and orthography.

This variation must not be confused with the variation of local dialects. Even though the regional varieties of standard German are only somewhat influenced by the local dialects, they are very distinct.

German is thus considered a pluricentric language. In most regions, the speakers use a continuum from more dialectal varieties to more standard varieties depending on the circumstances.

In German linguistics , German dialects are distinguished from varieties of standard German. The varieties of standard German refer to the different local varieties of the pluricentric standard German.

They differ only slightly in lexicon and phonology. In certain regions, they have replaced the traditional German dialects, especially in Northern Germany.

In the German-speaking parts of Switzerland , mixtures of dialect and standard are very seldom used, and the use of Standard German is largely restricted to the written language.

Swiss Standard German is used in the Swiss education system, while Austrian Standard German is officially used in the Austrian education system.

A mixture of dialect and standard does not normally occur in Northern Germany either. Because their linguistic distance is greater, they do not mesh with Standard German the way that High German dialects such as Bavarian, Swabian, and Hessian can.

The German dialects are the traditional local varieties of the language; many of them are not mutually intelligibile with standard German, and they have great differences in lexicon , phonology , and syntax.

If a narrow definition of language based on mutual intelligibility is used, many German dialects are considered to be separate languages for instance in the Ethnologue.

However, such a point of view is unusual in German linguistics. The variation among the German dialects is considerable, with often only neighbouring dialects being mutually intelligible.

Some dialects are not intelligible to people who know only Standard German. Middle Low German was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League.

It was the predominant language in Northern Germany until the 16th century. In , the Luther Bible was published. The translation is considered to be an important step towards the evolution of the Early New High German.

It aimed to be understandable to a broad audience and was based mainly on Central and Upper German varieties. The Early New High German language gained more prestige than Low German and became the language of science and literature.

Around the same time, the Hanseatic League, based around northern ports, lost its importance as new trade routes to Asia and the Americas were established, and the most powerful German states of that period were located in Middle and Southern Germany.

The 18th and 19th centuries were marked by mass education in Standard German in schools. Gradually, Low German came to be politically viewed as a mere dialect spoken by the uneducated.

Sometimes, Low Saxon and Low Franconian varieties are grouped together because both are unaffected by the High German consonant shift.

However, the proportion of the population who can understand and speak it has decreased continuously since World War II.

The largest cities in the Low German area are Hamburg and Dortmund. The Low Franconian dialects are the dialects that are more closely related to Dutch than to Low German.

Most of the Low Franconian dialects are spoken in the Netherlands and Belgium , where they are considered as dialects of Dutch, which is itself a Low Franconian language.

These dialects are more closely related to Dutch also North Low Franconian than the South Low Franconian dialects also referred to as East Limburgish and, east of the Rhine , Bergish , which are spoken in the south of the German Low Franconian language area.

The High German varieties spoken by the Ashkenazi Jews have several unique features and are considered as a separate language, Yiddish , written with the Hebrew alphabet.

Modern Standard German is mostly based on Central German dialects. These dialects are considered as. Luxembourgish as well as the Transylvanian Saxon dialect spoken in Transylvania are based on Moselle Franconian dialects.

They consist of the East and South Franconian dialects. The East Franconian dialect branch is one of the most spoken dialect branches in Germany.

These dialects are spoken in the region of Franconia and in the central parts of Saxon Vogtland. The largest cities in the East Franconian area are Nuremberg and Würzburg.

South Franconian is mainly spoken in northern Baden-Württemberg in Germany, but also in the northeasternmost part of the region of Alsace in France.

While these dialects are considered as dialects of German in Baden-Württemberg, they are considered as dialects of Alsatian in Alsace most Alsatian dialects are Low Alemannic , however.

The largest cities in the South Franconian area are Karlsruhe and Heilbronn. The Upper German dialects are the Alemannic dialects in the west and the Bavarian dialects in the east.

The Alemannic dialects are considered as Alsatian in Alsace. The largest cities in the Alemannic area are Stuttgart and Zürich.

The largest cities in the Bavarian area are Vienna and Munich. German is a fusional language with a moderate degree of inflection , with three grammatical genders ; as such, there can be a large number of words derived from the same root.

German nouns inflect by case, gender, and number:. This degree of inflection is considerably less than in Old High German and other old Indo-European languages such as Latin , Ancient Greek , and Sanskrit , and it is also somewhat less than, for instance, Old English , modern Icelandic , or Russian.

The three genders have collapsed in the plural. In nouns, inflection for case is required in the singular for strong masculine and neuter nouns only in the genitive and in the dative only in fixed or archaic expressions , and even this is losing ground to substitutes in informal speech.

Weak masculine nouns share a common case ending for genitive, dative, and accusative in the singular. Feminine nouns are not declined in the singular.

The plural has an inflection for the dative. In total, seven inflectional endings not counting plural markers exist in German: -s, -es, -n, -ns, -en, -ens, -e.

In German orthography, nouns and most words with the syntactical function of nouns are capitalised to make it easier for readers to determine the function of a word within a sentence Am Freitag ging ich einkaufen.

Like the other Germanic languages, German forms noun compounds in which the first noun modifies the category given by the second: Hundehütte "dog hut"; specifically: "dog kennel".

Unlike English, whose newer compounds or combinations of longer nouns are often written "open" with separating spaces, German like some other Germanic languages nearly always uses the "closed" form without spaces, for example: Baumhaus "tree house".

Like English, German allows arbitrarily long compounds in theory see also English compounds. The longest German word verified to be actually in albeit very limited use is Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz , which, literally translated, is "beef labelling supervision duties assignment law" [from Rind cattle , Fleisch meat , Etikettierung s labelling , Überwachung s supervision , Aufgaben duties , Übertragung s assignment , Gesetz law ].

However, examples like this are perceived by native speakers as excessively bureaucratic, stylistically awkward, or even satirical.

The meaning of basic verbs can be expanded and sometimes radically changed through the use of a number of prefixes.

Other prefixes have only the vaguest meaning in themselves; ver- is found in a number of verbs with a large variety of meanings, as in ver suchen to try from suchen to seek , ver nehmen to interrogate from nehmen to take , ver teilen to distribute from teilen to share , ver stehen to understand from stehen to stand.

Other examples include the following: haften to stick , ver haften to detain ; kaufen to buy , ver kaufen to sell ; hören to hear , auf hören to cease ; fahren to drive , er fahren to experience.

Many German verbs have a separable prefix, often with an adverbial function. In finite verb forms, it is split off and moved to the end of the clause and is hence considered by some to be a "resultative particle".

For example, mitgehen , meaning "to go along", would be split, giving Gehen Sie mit? Literal: "Go you with? German word order is generally with the V2 word order restriction and also with the SOV word order restriction for main clauses.

For polar questions , exclamations, and wishes, the finite verb always has the first position. In subordinate clauses, the verb occurs at the very end.

German requires a verbal element main verb or auxiliary verb to appear second in the sentence. The verb is preceded by the topic of the sentence.

The element in focus appears at the end of the sentence. For a sentence without an auxiliary, these are several possibilities:. The position of a noun in a German sentence has no bearing on its being a subject, an object or another argument.

In a declarative sentence in English, if the subject does not occur before the predicate, the sentence could well be misunderstood.

The flexible word order also allows one to use language "tools" such as poetic meter and figures of speech more freely.

When an auxiliary verb is present, it appears in second position, and the main verb appears at the end. This occurs notably in the creation of the perfect tense.

Many word orders are still possible:. The main verb may appear in first position to put stress on the action itself.

The auxiliary verb is still in second position. Sentences using modal verbs place the infinitive at the end.

For example, the English sentence "Should he go home? Thus, in sentences with several subordinate or relative clauses, the infinitives are clustered at the end.

Compare the similar clustering of prepositions in the following highly contrived English sentence: "What did you bring that book that I do not like to be read to out of up for?

German subordinate clauses have all verbs clustered at the end. Given that auxiliaries encode future , passive , modality , and the perfect , very long chains of verbs at the end of the sentence can occur.

In these constructions, the past participle formed with ge- is often replaced by the infinitive. The order at the end of such strings is subject to variation, but the second one in the last example is unusual.

Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. Latin words were already imported into the predecessor of the German language during the Roman Empire and underwent all the characteristic phonetic changes in German.

Their origin is thus no longer recognizable for most speakers e. Borrowing from Latin continued after the fall of the Roman Empire during Christianization, mediated by the church and monasteries.

Another important influx of Latin words can be observed during Renaissance humanism. In a scholarly context, the borrowings from Latin have continued until today, in the last few decades often indirectly through borrowings from English.

During the 15th to 17th centuries, the influence of Italian was great, leading to many Italian loanwords in the fields of architecture, finance, and music.

The influence of the French language in the 17th to 19th centuries resulted in an even greater import of French words. The English influence was already present in the 19th century, but it did not become dominant until the second half of the 20th century.

Thus, Notker Labeo was able to translate Aristotelian treatises into pure Old High German in the decades after the year Even today, there are movements that try to promote the Ersatz substitution of foreign words that are deemed unnecessary with German alternatives.

As in English, there are many pairs of synonyms due to the enrichment of the Germanic vocabulary with loanwords from Latin and Latinized Greek.

These words often have different connotations from their Germanic counterparts and are usually perceived as more scholarly. The size of the vocabulary of German is difficult to estimate.

The Deutsches Wörterbuch German Dictionary initiated by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm already contained over , headwords in its first edition. The modern German scientific vocabulary is estimated at nine million words and word groups based on the analysis of 35 million sentences of a corpus in Leipzig, which as of July included million words in total.

The Duden is the de facto official dictionary of the German language, first published by Konrad Duden in The Duden is updated regularly, with new editions appearing every four or five years.

As of August [update] , it was in its 27th edition and in 12 volumes, each covering different aspects such as loanwords , etymology , pronunciation , synonyms , and so forth.

The first of these volumes, Die deutsche Rechtschreibung German Orthography , has long been the prescriptive source for the spelling of German.

The Duden has become the bible of the German language, being the definitive set of rules regarding grammar, spelling and usage of German.

It is the Austrian counterpart to the German Duden and contains a number of terms unique to Austrian German or more frequently used or differently pronounced there.

Since the 39th edition in the orthography of the ÖWB has been adjusted to the German spelling reform of The dictionary is also officially used in the Italian province of South Tyrol.

This is a selection of cognates in both English and German. Instead of the usual infinitive ending -en , German verbs are indicated by a hyphen after their stems.

Words that are written with capital letters in German are nouns. German is written in the Latin alphabet.

Because legibility and convenience set certain boundaries, compounds consisting of more than three or four nouns are almost exclusively found in humorous contexts.

In contrast, although English can also string nouns together, it usually separates the nouns with spaces. For example, "toilet bowl cleaner".

Umlaut vowels ä, ö, ü are commonly transcribed with ae, oe, and ue if the umlauts are not available on the keyboard or other medium used. Some operating systems use key sequences to extend the set of possible characters to include, amongst other things, umlauts; in Microsoft Windows this is done using Alt codes.

German readers understand these transcriptions although they appear unusual , but they are avoided if the regular umlauts are available, because they are a makeshift and not proper spelling.

In Westphalia and Schleswig-Holstein, city and family names exist where the extra e has a vowel lengthening effect, e.

There is no general agreement on where letters with umlauts occur in the sorting sequence. Telephone directories treat them by replacing them with the base vowel followed by an e.

Some dictionaries sort each umlauted vowel as a separate letter after the base vowel, but more commonly words with umlauts are ordered immediately after the same word without umlauts.

As an example in a telephone book Ärzte occurs after Adressenverlage but before Anlagenbauer because Ä is replaced by Ae. In a dictionary Ärzte comes after Arzt , but in some dictionaries Ärzte and all other words starting with Ä may occur after all words starting with A.

Written German also typically uses an alternative opening inverted comma quotation mark as in "Guten Morgen! Until the early 20th century, German was mostly printed in blackletter typefaces mostly in Fraktur , but also in Schwabacher and written in corresponding handwriting for example Kurrent and Sütterlin.

These variants of the Latin alphabet are very different from the serif or sans-serif Antiqua typefaces used today, and the handwritten forms in particular are difficult for the untrained to read.

The printed forms, however, were claimed by some to be more readable when used for Germanic languages. The Nazis initially promoted Fraktur and Schwabacher because they were considered Aryan , but they abolished them in , claiming that these letters were Jewish.

The Fraktur script however remains present in everyday life in pub signs, beer brands and other forms of advertisement, where it is used to convey a certain rusticality and antiquity.

Many Antiqua typefaces also include the long s. A specific set of rules applies for the use of long s in German text, but nowadays it is rarely used in Antiqua typesetting.

The long s only appears in lower case. The orthography reform of led to public controversy and considerable dispute.

After 10 years, without any intervention by the federal parliament, a major revision was installed in , just in time for the coming school year. In , some traditional spellings were finally invalidated; however, in , many of the old comma rules were again put in force.

Traditionally, this letter was used in three situations:. In German, vowels excluding diphthongs; see below are either short or long , as follows:.

In general, the short vowels are open and the long vowels are close. Whether any particular vowel letter represents the long or short phoneme is not completely predictable, although the following regularities exist:.

Both of these rules have exceptions e. For an i that is neither in the combination ie making it long nor followed by a double consonant or cluster making it short , there is no general rule.

In some cases, there are regional differences. In central Germany Hesse , the o in the proper name "Hoffmann" is pronounced long, whereas most other Germans would pronounce it short.

The same applies to the e in the geographical name " Mecklenburg " for people in that region. German vowels can form the following digraphs in writing and diphthongs in pronunciation ; note that the pronunciation of some of them ei, äu, eu is very different from what one would expect when considering the component letters:.

With approximately 26 phonemes, the German consonant system exhibits an average number of consonants in comparison with other languages.

The consonant inventory of the standard language is shown below. German does not have any dental fricatives as English th.

The th sound, which the English language still has, disappeared on the continent in German with the consonant shifts between the 8th and 10th centuries.

The German language is used in German literature and can be traced back to the Middle Ages , with the most notable authors of the period being Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach.

The Nibelungenlied , whose author remains unknown, is also an important work of the epoch. The fairy tales collected and published by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in the 19th century became famous throughout the world.

Reformer and theologian Martin Luther , who was the first to translate the Bible into German, is widely credited for having set the basis for the modern "High German" language.

English has taken many loanwords from German, often without any change of spelling aside from frequently eliminating umlauts and not capitalizing nouns :.

The government-backed Goethe-Institut [80] named after Johann Wolfgang von Goethe aims to enhance the knowledge of German culture and language within Europe and the rest of the world.

This is done by holding exhibitions and conferences with German-related themes, and providing training and guidance in the learning and use of the German language.

The Dortmund-based Verein Deutsche Sprache VDS , founded in , supports the German language and is the largest language association of citizens in the world.

The VDS has more than thirty-five thousand members in over seventy countries. Its founder, statistics professor Dr. Walter Krämer, has remained chairperson of the association from its formation.

The German state broadcaster Deutsche Welle provides radio and television broadcasts in German and 30 other languages across the globe. Deutsche Welle also provides an e-learning website for teaching German.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Deutsch disambiguation and German disambiguation. Not to be confused with Germanic languages.

West Germanic language. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.

Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Language family. German Standard German. Austrian Standard German. Writing system. Signed forms.

Co- Official and majority language. Co-official, but not majority language. Non-statutory minority language.

Play media. Main article: History of German. Main article: Old High German. Old Frisian Alt-Friesisch. Old Saxon Alt-Sächsisch. Old Franconian Alt-Fränkisch.

Old Alemannic Alt-Alemannisch. Old Bavarian Alt-Bairisch. English Naturally it is related to the Baltic Sea, but it is not part of the strategy. English SK Expenditure related to construction or reconstruction can be controlled.

English We can therefore say that these are two things which must be seen as closely related. English This is closely related to the subject of the debate we are dealing with here.

English Throughout the EU there are about 4. English Amendments 2 and 7 are related and I can agree to them with a slight change. English Further discussions related to questions about regulation versus stimulus measures.

English That related to only one issue, and that was essentially a procedural issue. English The first mistake is to say that we are dealing mainly with drugs- related crime.

English We have withdrawn Amendment 25, which related to the financial transaction tax. English related to.

English recounting relation back relative telling.

Related Deutsch Übersetzungen und Beispiele

There are no special units within Latin American organisations to deal with the issue, and there is little readiness to address it. Wie gefällt Ihnen Fast And Furious 6 Streaming Online Wörterbuch? Ihre E-Mail-Adresse optional. Die erfolgsunabhängigen Teile bestehen aus Fixum und Sachbezügen, während die erfolgsbezogenen Komponenten in Tantiemen und Komponenten mit langfristiger Anreizwirkung Wertsteigerungsrechte unterteilt sind. Beispiele für die Übersetzung ähnlich sind Hassan Akkouch 19 Beispiele mit Übereinstimmungen. Zum einem Teil ist es verbunden mit dem Haus von dem Nachbarn. Russisch Wörterbücher.

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